Effects of Radiation Exposure on Human Health

 

Although a dose of just 25 rems causes some detectable changes in blood, doses to near 100 rems usually have no immediate harmful effects. Doses above 100 rems cause the first signs of radiation sickness including:
• nausea
• vomiting
• headache
• some loss of white blood cells
Doses of 300 rems or more cause temporary hair loss, but also more significant internal harm, including damage to nerve cells and the cells that line the digestive tract. Severe loss of white blood cells, which are the body's main defense against infection, makes radiation victims highly vulnerable to disease. Radiation also reduces production of blood platelets, which aid blood clotting, so victims of radiation sickness are also vulnerable to hemorrhaging. Half of all people exposed to 450 rems die, and doses of 800 rems or more are always fatal. Besides the symptoms mentioned above, these people also suffer from fever and diarrhea. As of yet, there is no effective treatment--so death occurs within two to fourteen days. In time, for survivors, diseases such as leukemia (cancer of the blood), lung cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, and cancers of other organs can appear due to the radiation received. http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/radiation_effects_body.html

Life cycle of frogs

The Egg

Frogs lay their eggs in water or wet places.  A floating clump of eggs is called frog spawn.   
The large and slippery mass of eggs are too big to be eaten.  This is nature's way of protecting them.  But, the smaller clumps of eggs will be eaten by the creatures living near or in the pond.
The egg begins as a single cell. Several thousand  are sometimes laid at once. It becomes surrounded by a jellylike covering, which protects the egg. The female may or may not stay with the eggs to take care of the young after she has laid them. The egg slowly develops. But, only a few develop into adults.  Ducks, fish, insects, and other water creatures eat the eggs.

The Cell Splits

The single cell in the egg eventually splits into two. These two split making four cells, and so on. Eventually, there are many cells in the egg.

The Tadpole

After its 21 day development period, the embryo leaves its jelly shell, and attaches itself to a weed in the water. This quickly becomes a tadpole, a baby frog.   The tadpoles grow until they are big enough to break free into the water.  This can take from 3 days to 3 weeks, depending on what kind of frog they will become.  They eat very small plants that stick to larger plants in the water.  These tiny plants are called algae. The tadpole has a long tail, and lives in the water. It is extremely vulnerable, and must rely on its camouflage to protect it.  The tadpoles also face danger by being eaten by other water animals.  Sometimes the pond dries up. As a result the tadpoles die.

The Tadpole Begins To Change
 
After about five weeks, the tadpole begins to change. It starts to grow hind legs, which are soon followed with forelegs.   Behind their heads bulges appear where their front legs are growing. Their tails become smaller.  Lungs begin to develop, preparing the frog for its life on land.   Now and then, they wiggle to the surface to breathe in air.  The tail becomes larger and makes it now possible for the tadpole to swim around and catch food.  They eat plants and decaying animal matter.  Some tadpoles eat frogs eggs and other tadpoles.
Almost There . . .
Over time, the tadpole becomes even more froglike.  They have shed their skin and lips. Its mouth widens, and it loses its horny jaws. The tail becomes much smaller, and the legs grow. The lungs are almost functioning at this point.  

The Frog

Eleven weeks after the egg was laid, a fully developed frog with lungs, legs, and no tail emerges from the water. This frog will live mostly on land, with occasional swims. The tiny frogs begin to eat insects and worms.  Eventually, it will find a mate. The way this is done varies depending on the species. The female lays the eggs, the male fertilizes them, and the whole process begins again.

http://www.tooter4kids.com/Frogs/life_cycle_of_frogs.htm

Chemistry and Chemical engineers

A lot of people will tell that chemistry works on the scale of a lab (think test tubes and flasks) and Chemical engineers will work on industrial scale. This is an approach, but is not precise and is misleading. Chemistry is a science not based on a scale. Atmospheric Chemist often works with dimensions bigger than the whole industry and it's unit operations combined, Astrochemist work on analyzing the composition on a whole planet, Industrial chemist work often in pilot plants that are certainly not on the scale of a lab (and yes, they may work on the issues of mass transport, heat transport, and more), NASA Chemists need to think what material is the proper to synthesize for a new spaceship (the the dimensions count here), and environmental chemist often work to analyze or clean pollutants in (at least) an area the size of a portion of a big beach. The inverse is also true. Chemical engineers also work in test tubes to checkout new materials, and to see is a material might work for a process. So then what is the difference? 2 mainthings: the training, yes. And the focus- some might say is the design. Keep a something in mind: Some Chemist may design. But they design instrumental methods to determine materials and others devices that doesn't take into account THE UNIT OPERATION for a process (at least not typically). The UNIT OPERATION is a division for requirements with specific parameters and processes to complete a crucial part in the industrial scale manufacture of a good (a good can be for example ethanol, and the unit operation that includes the design of the distillation tower and mass and heat transfer sequences that comes with the devices made for this, and this is just a simple example). Industrial Chemist analyze a process to see the chemistry of it, not typically to design the unit operation of such a process. Chemical engineers are the ones that (typically) design taking into account the complete unit operation for a given process. But then, if the Unit operation is the main focus of the chemical engineer, what is the thing that make us recognize that the chemist is not an incomplete Chemical Engineer? Well, the answer to this is that the main focus of the chemist is to design new molecules and instruments considering only the molecule of interest or the category of molecules to check, measure, change or affect it. So in a sense, to make a new molecule, if you had to choose between them, and you don't know who is smarter, and are forced to evaluate with credentials only, at first glance, you take credentials into account and you'll put A chemist as a director for developing a new molecule for a given use and may put Chemical engineers as part of the staff- BUT, Using the same conditions and reasoning, if you want a process, you'll put a Chemical engineers as a director and in this case the Chemists will be part of the staff. Keep in mind, this an hypothetical case, and in real life even people without those degrees have ended directing a process and directing the making of a new compound (the chances are less, thou). So, about chemical engineers and chemist- In a sense, they have a bond, but are not the same. You can jump from one to the other but require a couple of coursework. Chemical Engineering is more physics and math oriented than Chemistry. With Chemistry you'll be dealing with chemical knowledge and info regarding particular compound types and principles- but you'll end up taking Physics and Calculus (at least up to multiple integrals) with both and you'll take chemistry (as a science) very serious with both (no special coursework to accommodate you). Facts to consider are that Chemical Engineers are better paid on average, but many things have to be considered here (is not that simple). Yet, Chemical engineering requires more specific credits to be finished. Keep in mind the reason I put education info in here is be cause education is one of the main distinctions for these two professions. Hope this helped.

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Whats_the_difference_between_chemical_engineering_and_chemistry#ixzz1HGGF6ziV

 

 

Engineers

Nature of the Work

Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between scientific discoveries and the commercial applications that meet societal and consumer needs.

Many engineers develop new products. During the process, they consider several factors. For example, in developing an industrial robot, engineers specify the functional requirements precisely; design and test the robot's components; integrate the components to produce the final design; and evaluate the design's overall effectiveness, cost, reliability, and safety. This process applies to the development of many different products, such as chemicals, computers, powerplants, helicopters, and toys.

In addition to their involvement in design and development, many engineers work in testing, production, or maintenance. These engineers supervise production in factories, determine the causes of a component’s failure, and test manufactured products to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects. (See the statement on engineering and natural sciences managers elsewhere in the Handbook.)

Engineers use computers extensively to produce and analyze designs; to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or system operates; to generate specifications for parts; to monitor the quality of products; and to control the efficiency of processes. Nanotechnology, which involves the creation of high-performance materials and components by integrating atoms and molecules, also is introducing entirely new principles to the design process.

Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry to solve problems involving the production or use of chemicals and other products.

Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture of electrical equipment. Some of this equipment includes electric motors; machinery controls, lighting, and wiring in buildings; radar and navigation systems; communications systems; and power generation, control, and transmission devices used by electric utilities.

Electronics engineers, except computer, are responsible for a wide range of technologies, from portable music players to global positioning systems (GPS), which can continuously provide the location of, for example, a vehicle.

Materials engineers are involved in the development, processing, and testing of the materials used to create a range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and snow skis. .

Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines.

Petroleum engineers design methods for extracting oil and gas from deposits below the earth. Once these resources have been discovered, petroleum engineers work with geologists and other specialists to understand the geologic formation and properties of the rock containing the reservoir, to determine the drilling methods to be used, and to monitor drilling and production operations.

http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm

What Is Chemical Engineering? What Do Chemical Engineers Do?

Answer: What Is Chemical Engineering?

Chemical engineering basically is applied chemistry. It is the branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and operation of machines and plants that perform chemical reactions to solve practical problems or make useful products.

What Is a Chemical Engineer?

Like all engineers, chemical engineers use math, physics, and economics to solve technical problems. The difference between chemical engineers and other types of engineers is that they apply a knowledge of chemistry in addition to other engineering disciplines. Chemical engineers sometimes are called 'universal engineers' because their scientific and technical mastery is so broad.

What Do Chemical Engineers Do?

Some chemical engineers make designs and invent new processes. Some construct instruments and facilities. Some plan and operate facilities. Chemical engineers have helped develop atomic science, polymers, paper, dyes, drugs, plastics, fertilizers, foods, petrochemicals... pretty much everything. They devise ways to make products from raw materials and ways to convert one material into another useful form. Chemical engineers can make processes more cost effective or more environmentally friendly or more efficient. As you can see, a chemical engineer can find a niche in any scientific or engineering field.

Knowledge: expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education

Niche: good position

Environmentally: Of, relating to, or associated with the environment.

Friendly: environment

Perform: enforce

Facilities: A commercial or institutional building, such as a hotel, resort, school, office complex, sports arena, or convention center

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrystudentfaqs/f/chemeng.htm

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